Which mechanism might species evolve to promote coexistence rather than exclusion when facing competition?

Resource partitioning

The correct answer is Option (2) -Resource partitioning

More recent studies challenge the broad generalizations about competition and suggest that species facing competition can evolve mechanisms that promote coexistence instead of exclusion. One such mechanism is called "resource partitioning." When two species compete for the same resource, they can avoid direct competition by adopting different strategies, such as choosing different times for feeding or utilizing different foraging patterns.

For example, the research conducted by MacArthur demonstrated that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to coexist by exhibiting behavioral differences in their foraging activities. Each species occupied a specific niche within the tree and showed distinct preferences for different parts of the tree or foraging techniques. By partitioning the resources available within the tree, they minimized competition and created space for coexistence.

These studies highlight the complexity of species interactions and the potential for species to evolve strategies that promote coexistence and reduce competition. Rather than strictly adhering to the idea of competitive exclusion, researchers now recognize that competition can drive the evolution of adaptations that allow species to share resources and coexist in the same environment. Resource partitioning is one such mechanism that facilitates this coexistence by enabling species to exploit different aspects of the available resources.

Overall, recent studies emphasize that while interspecific competition does occur in nature, it does not always lead to exclusion. Species can evolve mechanisms, such as resource partitioning, to alleviate competition and foster coexistence, enabling them to occupy and thrive in shared habitats.